Capital Punishment A Form Of Legal Punishment Essay

Capital punishment implies that the criminal is sentenced to death as a punishment for their crimes. Prima facie, it appears to be the most just punishment and solution to crimes that demand such severity of punishment in proportion to the offense. However, the reason why it is a moot point and a debatable issue is because ethicists see both sides of the story and there are numerous ethical issues involved with institutionalizing capital punishment. To understand the debate on capital punishment as an ethical issue, there must first be an understanding of the terms involved in the debate. Capital punishment refers to death as a form of legal punishment for crimes. The term ethics refers to a code of human conduct that regulates human behaviour and helps one discern right from wrong. The debate ensues as soon as one understands the meaning of ethics and tries to apply it to the justification of capital punishment or the death penalty. Death as a form of punishment for crimes has been meted out since historical times when monarchy existed as a form of governance. Before the introduction of humane capital punishment methods that are used in present times, penalties included boiling to death, flaying, slow slicing, crucifixion, impalement, crushing, disembowelment, stoning, burning, decapitation, dismemberment and scaphism. The evident barbarity of these punishments is in itself a justification to how human consciousness has evolved over centuries and how what was onceShow MoreRelated Capital Punishment In The United States Essay examples1586 Words   |  7 PagesCapital Punishment in the United States Executive Summary Capital punishment has been around for many years as a way of executing criminals. Despite what most believe, capital punishment is not functional in the American society. Defenders of the death penalty often claim that the execution of criminals will teach others not to do bad, initially decreasing crime rates. Unfortunately, statistics prove that thought to be wrong. Capital punishment also has great flaws. For example, many innocentRead MoreThe Merits and Pitfalls of Capital Punishment Today1482 Words   |  6 Pages Capital punishment is an age-old practice. It has been used in civilizations for millennia, and will continue to be used for millennia to come. Whether used for the right or wrong reasons, capital punishment is unmistakable in its various forms. From hangings, to firing squads, to lethal injections, capital punishment and the associated proceeding have evolved over time. There have been many arguments against capital punishment, many of which still hold true. As capi tal punishment has evolved overRead MoreCapital Punishment and its Controversies 1434 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment uses death penalty as a form of punishment in many states and countries. It is a practice that has raised endless questions all over the world. Capital punishment or death penalty policy has changed in many countries overtime. Countries such as, New Australia, Zealand and 15 states in the US do not have capital punishment. One of the major concerns arising with capital punishment is because it causes ending of a human life. People and organizations of different backgrounds areRead MoreEssay on Should Capital Punishment Be Legal?992 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a very controversial issue today. There are good statements made on both sides of the argument. A couple of questions should be asked before deciding which side to take in the never ending debate of capital punishment. Is capital punishment a cruel and unusual way of punishing serious of fenders? Should the mentally ill be susceptible to capital punishment? A lot of states made capital punishment legal, but not all of them use it as freely as some states like Texas. The stateRead MoreCapital Punishment: An Overview682 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Outline I.Introduction II.Capital Punishment: An Overview III.In Support of Capital Punishment 1.Deterrence 2.Proportional 3.Closure 4.Public Interest IV.Dissenting Views 1.Execution of Innocents 2.The Penaltys Deterrence Effect V.Conclusion VI.References Introduction Does capital punishment still have a place in the modern society? While there are those who feel that the role capital punishment plays in the preservation of order cannot be overstated, others continue to push forRead MoreThe Constitutionality Of Capital Punishment1726 Words   |  7 Pagesalmost all capital sentences in the United States have been imposed for homicide. There have been intense debates among Americans regarding the constitutionality of capital punishment. Critics charge that executions are violations of the â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† provision of the Eighth Amendment; while supporters of the death penalty counter that this clause was not intended to prohibit legal executions. In the 1972 court case of Furman vs. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that capital punishmentRead MoreWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective1552 Words   |  6 PagesIneffective The society constantly tries to reason with an effective way to respond to violence. Differences in opinion on the use of death as punishment arise from differences in religious, ethical, cultural, and morale perspectives. The role of death as a punishment for an offence has not been solved today, and remains a dilemma for the citizenrys political, legal, social, and religious thought. This is because an answer to the question is the death penalty effective? is not clear or evident todayRead MorePersuasive Essay On The Death Penalty910 Words   |  4 Pageshistory of capital punishment, and why others believe it is okay. Capital punishment is when someone has committed a crime in which they are sentenced to death. In this paper I will be arguing that the death penalty is okay. Capital punishment has been a controversial and debatable issue for centuries. People have been sentenced to capital punishment since the beginning of time, it has been accepted as fair punishment by law enforcement within any period. Over time capital punishment has becomeRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment1080 Words   |  4 Pages Since 1608, legal systems have used capital punishment as justice. â€Å"As of November 2014, 32 states have the death penalty. There have been a total of 1348 executions from January 1977 to the end of 2014† (capitalpunishmentuk). The capital punishment only affects those who sentenced in the crime of rape or murder. The most popular death method is lethal injection. There are other options such as â€Å"electrocution, hanging, shooting, and the gas chamber† (capitalpunishmentuk) but theses alternativeRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1333 Words   |  6 Pagesof the many terrible mishaps, that have occurred in the history of the death penalty. Capital punishment has long been a controversial topic, with a countless number of cases taken up to the Supreme Court. This barbaric form of â€Å"discipline† began as early as 1750 B.C, with one of the most notable portrayals being a statement in Hammurabi s Code. Today, in the 31 states, in which the de ath penalty is legal, capital crimes from first degree murder, terrorism to espionage, are all punishable by death

Marketing Positioning - 1419 Words

What a strange word, â€Å"positioning.† Its origins are shrouded in the fog of history. The popular marketing writers, Jack Trout and Al Ries, started talking about position or positioning in 1972 or thereabouts, and took credit later for having invented positioning. However, I believe that positioning was an emerging concept and a term, in at least limited use, within the marketing and advertising community at the time that Trout and Ries first wrote about it. Certainly, the basic concepts of positioning were not new in 1972. The term â€Å"positioning† was described by Trout and Ries as the basic position in the consumer’s mind occupied by a brand. They saw positioning as an antidote to the â€Å"over-communicated† society, in which consumers were†¦show more content†¦At the beginning, it’s critical to talk to consumers representing a broad spectrum of the potential market. It is in these early stages that you must resist the temptation to focus too quickly on a narrow segment of consumers. Keep the market definitions very broad in the early stages of the research so you do not accidentally preordain the outcome before it begins. For example, if you interviewed people who only use rotary lawnmowers, you probably would find they only want to buy rotary mowers. But if you interviewed everyone with a lawn, you probably would identify many different needs, problems and motives that may form the basis for a positioning strategy. Qualitative methods (focus groups, depth interviews and ethnography) are essential in the early stages. What do consumers know, and what do they not know? What language, associations, images, and metaphors do consumers use in talking about the category? What brands are they familiar with, and how much do they know about the different brands? What are their perceptions of each of these brands? What motivates them to consume the product or use the service? What are the key determinates of brand preference? How is the market segmented or subdivided? What products or services would be substituted if the subject brand were unavailable? What are the major channels of distribution, and how does the channel relate to perceptions and usage of the brands? Who are heavyShow MoreRelatedMarketing Positioning1012 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is positioning? How has the organisation that you have selected positioned their product? As we all know that, there are three steps in target marketing which are market segmentation, market targeting and market positioning. According to Kotler (2010), the definition of product position is â€Å"the way the product is defined by consumer on important attributes – the place the product occupies in consumers’ minds relative to competing product† (P280). Furthermore, in principle, a brand must haveRead MoreMarketing Positioning1254 Words   |  6 PagesNon Urban, income is medium to high | Sociable, Friendly, Gregarious | Average | Economical Snackers | U.S.A | Larger Families, Better educated, income is low to medium | Self assured, price oriented | Average | Market Targeting In target marketing the seller distinguishes the major market segments, targets one or more of these segments, and develops products and services tailored to each selected segment (Wright amp; Esslemont, 1994). Terra Chips’ target market is â€Å"Nutritional Snackers†Read MoreMarketing Communication (Brand positioning).1888 Words   |  8 PagesBrand positioning is an attempt to create and maintain a unique representation of the brand in customers mind, a representation that is expected to stimulate choice of that brand (Rossiter, 2005, p.42). Positioning, in fact, refers to how customers think about different brands in a market. Through brand positioning a company attempts to build a sustainable competitive advantage on product attributes in the consumers mind. Nevertheless, developing a successful positioning strategy is not easyRead MorePositioning and Marketing Mix2743 Words   |  11 Pagesmust take effective measures to deliver and communicate the chosen position to target consumers. Marketing mix efforts should be synchronized to back the positioning strategy. If the company wants to build a position on better quality and service, it must first take necessary action t o deliver that position. Tactical details of the positioning strategy must be worked out to guide the designing of marketing mix-product, price, place and promotion. A company that chooses a â€Å"high-quality position† mustRead MorePositioning: Marketing and Product5093 Words   |  21 PagesBrand Positioning Submitted by: Rishi Dewan PGDM-Marketing (DCP) IMT Ghaziabad Contents Introduction 2 Process of Positioning 3 Strategies of Positioning 5 Positioning by Product attributes 5 Positioning by Quality 5 Positioning by Price 6 Positioning by User Category 7 Positioning by Use 8 Positioning by Competitor 9 Positioning by Celebration 10 Positioning Errors: 11 1. Under-positioning 11 2. Over Positioning 11 3. Confused positioning 12 4Read MoreApple and Marketing Positioning Essay1281 Words   |  6 PagesMarketers manage product positioning by focusing their marketing activities on a positioning strategy. This essay will discuss the multiple factors that are crucial to optimal market positioning. The factors that impact the chosen organisation, Apple, and the chosen product, laptop computers, include market segmentation, market positioning, and the marketing mix, which comprises price, promotion, place and product. Established in the United States of America in April 1976, Apple Inc is a multinationalRead MorePositioning Strategy For The Marketing Program830 Words   |  4 PagesPositioning refers to the act of distinguishing a brand in customer’s minds relative to a competing brand in terms of the benefits and attributes that the brand offers, Keegan and Green (2005). According to Aaker and Shansby (2001), positioning goes far beyond the image that a marketer may want to conjure up in the mind of customers. Positioning can be viewed as a principle asset to a brand strategy, as all elements of the marketing program can potentially affect the effectiveness of any positioningRead MoreMarketing and Positioning Eureka Facts3041 Words   |  13 PagesSegmentation - Targeting – Positioning Eureka Facts, The Smart Marketing Information. 1 SEGMENTATION – TARGETING – POSITIONING BY: JORGE A. RESTREPO President Principal Researcher EurekaFacts LLC The strategic marketing planning process flows from a mission and vision statement to the selection of target markets, and the formulation of specific marketing mix and positioning objective for each product or service the organization will offer. Leading authors like Kotler present the organizationRead MoreMarketing - Positioning Your Brand6468 Words   |  26 PagesClean Edge Razor Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning 1 Index 1. Synopsis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 2. Situation Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 3. Alternative Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 4. Position Strategy, with explanation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 5. Marketing mix†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 6. Expected Outcomes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 8 7. Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 - 22 2 Synopsis: BasedRead MoreMarketing Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning Essay1388 Words   |  6 Pagesof a targeted market. 3. Discuss what is meant by positioning using two example of a business positioned in differing market sectors Marketing consists of a range of techniques designed to sell a product/service. It focuses on customers and their needs, firms generally undertake research aimed at finding out about their customer’s requirements. A well planned marketing campaign involves a range of methods including; market positioning, Market planning, identification of target markets and

Corporate Governance Exam Paper Free Essays

string(74) " formulation comes under the performance part with focus on future value\." Games Directors play While analysing the Reality of Boardroom we say many games and tactics often employed by directors so that they don’t lose power. Some such games were alliance, coalition, lobbying, scaremongering, log rolling etc. Here also majority of BOD were near and dear ones of Bright so everybody chose to stay quiet about what is going on. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Governance Exam Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under-reserving Like we say in the HLL case under-reserving is a tactic used by firms but in the long run it cant stop companies from collapsing. Role of independent directors The question Are independent directors really independent has been topic of debate for ages. In the case the role played by independent directors is insignificant. Also it is questionable whether independent directors were present and in the number advised by law or not. Audit Committee The case talks about KPMG and the arguable role it played but what about the audit committee, was it existent, if so how was it functioning. Its composition and leadership needs attention. Manipulation Most of the cases of accounting frauds, falsifying records, deceiving shareholders and bankruptcy rest upon the manipulation of the balance sheet and the tactics used to fudge the data. Ex: Enron The company needs to take inspiration from firms like GSK, Infy, and tata which serve as examples of good CG. GSK * Chairman of board is independent director along with 5 others in in board. Transparency is valued Infosys * Creating wealth legally and ethically Tata * One of the giants and still fascinating governance * In sync with the values * Very elaborate code of conduct Board composition and structure One of the major flaw ways in the board structure is everyone was quiet about the rising storm dominated by power and status of Bright. There should be some independent directors with ability to question the acts and deeds and the following structures are recommended. European Two Tier model Shareholders Supervisory board Executive board Management Employees and staff The supervisory board overlooks functions of executive board and can question and alter the function This model is preferred over unitary board. Chinese model Here we see the presence of the state as a whole also takes society into account along with shareholders Board Leadership One of the major causes of the downfall was the role played by Bright. He was forceful and rigid and thus not a true leader. The features desired for a leader are: Integrity The ability to differentiate between right and wrong and govern in a manner that it is morally correct and sustainable Independence The board was like a dummy/puppet with no or very less degree of independence Intellect The creativity must not come out in form of manipulation and fraud but the betterment of the firm Character He must be ethical and strong character Personality A leader must be flexible and open to new ideas and suggestions. The personality is the holistic perspective. Communication skills, good listener, motivator etc. Board level information Desired CG was not in place and there was no clear information pathway. The board did not check or authenticate the actions. Control systems The case clearly shows violation of many acts and laws. The board was not conforming to the supervisory work. The control system was not in place. Auditors at fault: In cases like Enron and worldcom it has been seen that the external auditors are able to flee away leaving the company in distress. Usually there are tie ups between management and auditors, some internal settlement that leads to uch actions. Role of internal audit committee is arguable. The company should have gone to auditors like Delloitte who are reliable and tested. Risks that should be considered – Financial risk. Operational, compliance, Business Four aspects of CG Internal control, risk management, behavioural governance, independence Sarbax – oxley act This is one of the landmark acts that came in 2002 after Enron and Worldcomm It says criminal and civil penalties for compliances and accounting frauds, certificate for internal audits and annual report is to submitted by all public and private listed companies. Also introduce PCAOBA (Public company accounting oversight board of America) Was criticized for high cost of compliance CG is a process by which companies are directed and controlled Many attempts have been made to define CG and this one by Cadbury is one of the most comprehensive . Cadbury’s definition – â€Å"Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. The boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their companies. The shareholder’s role in governance is to appoint the directors and the auditors to satisfy themselves that an appropriate governance structure is in place. The responsibilities of the board include setting the company’s strategic aims, providing the leadership to put them into effect, supervising the management of the business and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship. The board’s actions are subject to laws, regulations and the shareholders in general meeting. † Mike and Minnow: Corporate Governance is a process of governing and directing the performance of any company and the major actors involved are directors, management, society and shareholders CG is basically to overlook, monitor, control and direct the functioning of the management. For this we have BOD and the code of conduct. Some acts, laws and norms facilitate this process of governance. Scope from least to highest Society Media and Press Shareholders Regulatory bodies Contractual Stakeholders Auditors Governance and Management (Diagram) As it is clear that the scope of CG is very wide. It is crucial that CG is acceptable and answerable to many. Functions of the board Majorly there are four functions of the board depending upon the conformity to past or existing and the performance expected for future. The four functions are accountability, strategy formulation, supervising and monitoring and policy making Matrix The accountability along with monitoring and supervising is the conformance part i. e. to past or existing situation. The policy making and strategy formulation comes under the performance part with focus on future value. You read "Corporate Governance Exam Paper" in category "Essay examples" Usually it is seen that independent directors are forced to conformance because they only understand what is going on. Strategic Formulation * This is the most crucial step of governance There must be shared view according to which governance and management abide * It involves SWOT, PEST, Porter analysis and asking of crucial questions of long term strategic importance * It is important to have helicopter vision balanced of long and short term * San Tzu â€Å"Think the mind alike of your enemy† Policy making * This comes from the strategic formulation * Policies are rules, regu lation and procedures that must be followed and abided Supervision monitoring This is the conformance part to check that everything is happening as per the policies and rules or not Accountability * Accountability is to have proper system wherein respective people are accountable for any error or aberration * Only the top management is not accountable but usually is held responsible. Normative: How board thinks directors should spend their time How directors actually do spend their time Relation between functions Strategy formulation Policy making supervision and monitoring Accountability Roles: Agents and Stewards Agency theory Principal shareholders contract with agents seek self interest It says that it is not possible that agents take care of other money with as much vigilance of vow. They seek personal interest and detrimental effect on shareholders Stewardship theory Owners chose and elect stewards(directors) who play the role of stewards Contrary to agency theory it says owners vest their trust in directors who act as stewards of shareholders money. Along with the board the following roles are performed by the director Managing the board Managing the meeting Strategic leadership Cooperation between board and management Company’s face to public By means of all these functions and roles the board makes an effort towards fair and equitable distribution of profit, ethical governance of firm and deters any unethical behaviour It lays clear rules, norms, laws and code of conduct to facilitate governance Maxwell communication 1991 – Risky acquisition using pension funds leading to bankruptcy Bank of credit and commerce international Cadbury report 1992 – best practices suggested How to implement it? For a company to enter in stockmarket it has to that it follows Cadbury suggestions Corporate governance is directly related to market valuation of a company. Better managed companies are valued more. Enron failure 2001 – faulty accounting policies; creation of special purpose entities to conceal losses; excessive executive compensation Worldcom 2002 – The BOD did not oppose the ambitious investment of Worldcom in fiber optic cables and infrastructure to become a market leader (a short term goal). This led to huge losses when the boom for dot com ended. Measures to check such scenarios * Make BOD accountable to stakeholders * Make changes in structure * Clearly explain the responsibilities of Board Make them active board – in giving a leadership to the company * Make the BOD to meet more frequently – listed company at least 4 times a year * Lay down an agenda about what must be discussed Placing constraints, checks on management power including the CEO Eg: SKF micro finance – CEO was sacked as he is no good There should be separation of position of chairman and CEO Ensuring a sound system of internal cont rol and proper disclosure of financial information and executive compensation Auditors are continuing from 20 years Approaches to strengthen the CG 002 – there was a proposal to change companies act 1956 2012 – the bill was proposed in loksabha Very lengthy process to make a law But then one law for all companies reduces flexibility In 1998 CII appointed a committee under Rahul bajaj to create guidelines for cg which is only voluntary. Only 0. 1% adopted them. Voluntary Purely legal approach Cg code Code – a set of practices, guidelines which are expected to be followed by the companies 2 approaches for cg code 1) Principle based – lay down broad principles; comply or explain principles link it with listing. Make the companies which are not adopting explain why they are not adopting 2) Rule based approach – comply or get prosecuted; in extreme cases companies are delisted. But then the shareholders are effected. Rule based approach is rigidity. The companies will try to outsmart the rules if they are rigid. Eg: BJP chief Nitin Gadkari driver was shown as a director in a company. The directors get huge money for just attending 4 meetings, so they agree with whatever the companies say to earn easy money or else they would be removed from the board. CG in India * The issue of CG has come up mainly in the wake up economic reforms characterized by liberalization, privitization and globalization. * The way foreign investments is CG * The last point in previous year * SEBI committee on CG headed by SHri Kumara Mangalam Birla submitted its report in Feb 2000 * Clause 49 in listing agreement with stock exchanges made it mandatory for companies to follow recommendations by Kumara M B committee * Then Naresh Chandra committee is appointed by the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Indian Code Inspired by Cadbury code, 1992 * CII code – 1998 (voluntary compliance could not make much difference) Implementation 2005 – all the companies above 3 crore revenues Audit committee * As an interface between the board and auditors atleast 3 members (NED) majority of independent directors * Looks after all the activities related to auditors i. e. appointment of reappointement of auditors * Reviewing of internal reports * Audit committee must meet 4 times a year * Gap should not be more than 4 months Disclosures Management discussions and analysis report * Related party transactions * Remuneration to NEDs Clause 49 Case of satyam First biggest and most shocking scam involving †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Modus operandi of the scam * Super user login to some employees * Entering fake invoices * Boost revenues and profits * Falsified bank statements * Falsified interest income Role of board in satyam’s case Overlooking the reports The board said ok to all proposals by raju to direct funds to acquire lands in hyd Directors had a salary of rs 12 lakh annually How to cite Corporate Governance Exam Paper, Essay examples

Corporate Governance Exam Paper Free Essays

string(74) " formulation comes under the performance part with focus on future value\." Games Directors play While analysing the Reality of Boardroom we say many games and tactics often employed by directors so that they don’t lose power. Some such games were alliance, coalition, lobbying, scaremongering, log rolling etc. Here also majority of BOD were near and dear ones of Bright so everybody chose to stay quiet about what is going on. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Governance Exam Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Under-reserving Like we say in the HLL case under-reserving is a tactic used by firms but in the long run it cant stop companies from collapsing. Role of independent directors The question Are independent directors really independent has been topic of debate for ages. In the case the role played by independent directors is insignificant. Also it is questionable whether independent directors were present and in the number advised by law or not. Audit Committee The case talks about KPMG and the arguable role it played but what about the audit committee, was it existent, if so how was it functioning. Its composition and leadership needs attention. Manipulation Most of the cases of accounting frauds, falsifying records, deceiving shareholders and bankruptcy rest upon the manipulation of the balance sheet and the tactics used to fudge the data. Ex: Enron The company needs to take inspiration from firms like GSK, Infy, and tata which serve as examples of good CG. GSK * Chairman of board is independent director along with 5 others in in board. Transparency is valued Infosys * Creating wealth legally and ethically Tata * One of the giants and still fascinating governance * In sync with the values * Very elaborate code of conduct Board composition and structure One of the major flaw ways in the board structure is everyone was quiet about the rising storm dominated by power and status of Bright. There should be some independent directors with ability to question the acts and deeds and the following structures are recommended. European Two Tier model Shareholders Supervisory board Executive board Management Employees and staff The supervisory board overlooks functions of executive board and can question and alter the function This model is preferred over unitary board. Chinese model Here we see the presence of the state as a whole also takes society into account along with shareholders Board Leadership One of the major causes of the downfall was the role played by Bright. He was forceful and rigid and thus not a true leader. The features desired for a leader are: Integrity The ability to differentiate between right and wrong and govern in a manner that it is morally correct and sustainable Independence The board was like a dummy/puppet with no or very less degree of independence Intellect The creativity must not come out in form of manipulation and fraud but the betterment of the firm Character He must be ethical and strong character Personality A leader must be flexible and open to new ideas and suggestions. The personality is the holistic perspective. Communication skills, good listener, motivator etc. Board level information Desired CG was not in place and there was no clear information pathway. The board did not check or authenticate the actions. Control systems The case clearly shows violation of many acts and laws. The board was not conforming to the supervisory work. The control system was not in place. Auditors at fault: In cases like Enron and worldcom it has been seen that the external auditors are able to flee away leaving the company in distress. Usually there are tie ups between management and auditors, some internal settlement that leads to uch actions. Role of internal audit committee is arguable. The company should have gone to auditors like Delloitte who are reliable and tested. Risks that should be considered – Financial risk. Operational, compliance, Business Four aspects of CG Internal control, risk management, behavioural governance, independence Sarbax – oxley act This is one of the landmark acts that came in 2002 after Enron and Worldcomm It says criminal and civil penalties for compliances and accounting frauds, certificate for internal audits and annual report is to submitted by all public and private listed companies. Also introduce PCAOBA (Public company accounting oversight board of America) Was criticized for high cost of compliance CG is a process by which companies are directed and controlled Many attempts have been made to define CG and this one by Cadbury is one of the most comprehensive . Cadbury’s definition – â€Å"Corporate governance is the system by which companies are directed and controlled. The boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their companies. The shareholder’s role in governance is to appoint the directors and the auditors to satisfy themselves that an appropriate governance structure is in place. The responsibilities of the board include setting the company’s strategic aims, providing the leadership to put them into effect, supervising the management of the business and reporting to shareholders on their stewardship. The board’s actions are subject to laws, regulations and the shareholders in general meeting. † Mike and Minnow: Corporate Governance is a process of governing and directing the performance of any company and the major actors involved are directors, management, society and shareholders CG is basically to overlook, monitor, control and direct the functioning of the management. For this we have BOD and the code of conduct. Some acts, laws and norms facilitate this process of governance. Scope from least to highest Society Media and Press Shareholders Regulatory bodies Contractual Stakeholders Auditors Governance and Management (Diagram) As it is clear that the scope of CG is very wide. It is crucial that CG is acceptable and answerable to many. Functions of the board Majorly there are four functions of the board depending upon the conformity to past or existing and the performance expected for future. The four functions are accountability, strategy formulation, supervising and monitoring and policy making Matrix The accountability along with monitoring and supervising is the conformance part i. e. to past or existing situation. The policy making and strategy formulation comes under the performance part with focus on future value. You read "Corporate Governance Exam Paper" in category "Essay examples" Usually it is seen that independent directors are forced to conformance because they only understand what is going on. Strategic Formulation * This is the most crucial step of governance There must be shared view according to which governance and management abide * It involves SWOT, PEST, Porter analysis and asking of crucial questions of long term strategic importance * It is important to have helicopter vision balanced of long and short term * San Tzu â€Å"Think the mind alike of your enemy† Policy making * This comes from the strategic formulation * Policies are rules, regu lation and procedures that must be followed and abided Supervision monitoring This is the conformance part to check that everything is happening as per the policies and rules or not Accountability * Accountability is to have proper system wherein respective people are accountable for any error or aberration * Only the top management is not accountable but usually is held responsible. Normative: How board thinks directors should spend their time How directors actually do spend their time Relation between functions Strategy formulation Policy making supervision and monitoring Accountability Roles: Agents and Stewards Agency theory Principal shareholders contract with agents seek self interest It says that it is not possible that agents take care of other money with as much vigilance of vow. They seek personal interest and detrimental effect on shareholders Stewardship theory Owners chose and elect stewards(directors) who play the role of stewards Contrary to agency theory it says owners vest their trust in directors who act as stewards of shareholders money. Along with the board the following roles are performed by the director Managing the board Managing the meeting Strategic leadership Cooperation between board and management Company’s face to public By means of all these functions and roles the board makes an effort towards fair and equitable distribution of profit, ethical governance of firm and deters any unethical behaviour It lays clear rules, norms, laws and code of conduct to facilitate governance Maxwell communication 1991 – Risky acquisition using pension funds leading to bankruptcy Bank of credit and commerce international Cadbury report 1992 – best practices suggested How to implement it? For a company to enter in stockmarket it has to that it follows Cadbury suggestions Corporate governance is directly related to market valuation of a company. Better managed companies are valued more. Enron failure 2001 – faulty accounting policies; creation of special purpose entities to conceal losses; excessive executive compensation Worldcom 2002 – The BOD did not oppose the ambitious investment of Worldcom in fiber optic cables and infrastructure to become a market leader (a short term goal). This led to huge losses when the boom for dot com ended. Measures to check such scenarios * Make BOD accountable to stakeholders * Make changes in structure * Clearly explain the responsibilities of Board Make them active board – in giving a leadership to the company * Make the BOD to meet more frequently – listed company at least 4 times a year * Lay down an agenda about what must be discussed Placing constraints, checks on management power including the CEO Eg: SKF micro finance – CEO was sacked as he is no good There should be separation of position of chairman and CEO Ensuring a sound system of internal cont rol and proper disclosure of financial information and executive compensation Auditors are continuing from 20 years Approaches to strengthen the CG 002 – there was a proposal to change companies act 1956 2012 – the bill was proposed in loksabha Very lengthy process to make a law But then one law for all companies reduces flexibility In 1998 CII appointed a committee under Rahul bajaj to create guidelines for cg which is only voluntary. Only 0. 1% adopted them. Voluntary Purely legal approach Cg code Code – a set of practices, guidelines which are expected to be followed by the companies 2 approaches for cg code 1) Principle based – lay down broad principles; comply or explain principles link it with listing. Make the companies which are not adopting explain why they are not adopting 2) Rule based approach – comply or get prosecuted; in extreme cases companies are delisted. But then the shareholders are effected. Rule based approach is rigidity. The companies will try to outsmart the rules if they are rigid. Eg: BJP chief Nitin Gadkari driver was shown as a director in a company. The directors get huge money for just attending 4 meetings, so they agree with whatever the companies say to earn easy money or else they would be removed from the board. CG in India * The issue of CG has come up mainly in the wake up economic reforms characterized by liberalization, privitization and globalization. * The way foreign investments is CG * The last point in previous year * SEBI committee on CG headed by SHri Kumara Mangalam Birla submitted its report in Feb 2000 * Clause 49 in listing agreement with stock exchanges made it mandatory for companies to follow recommendations by Kumara M B committee * Then Naresh Chandra committee is appointed by the †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Indian Code Inspired by Cadbury code, 1992 * CII code – 1998 (voluntary compliance could not make much difference) Implementation 2005 – all the companies above 3 crore revenues Audit committee * As an interface between the board and auditors atleast 3 members (NED) majority of independent directors * Looks after all the activities related to auditors i. e. appointment of reappointement of auditors * Reviewing of internal reports * Audit committee must meet 4 times a year * Gap should not be more than 4 months Disclosures Management discussions and analysis report * Related party transactions * Remuneration to NEDs Clause 49 Case of satyam First biggest and most shocking scam involving †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Modus operandi of the scam * Super user login to some employees * Entering fake invoices * Boost revenues and profits * Falsified bank statements * Falsified interest income Role of board in satyam’s case Overlooking the reports The board said ok to all proposals by raju to direct funds to acquire lands in hyd Directors had a salary of rs 12 lakh annually How to cite Corporate Governance Exam Paper, Essay examples

Clinical and Investigative Medicine Policy †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Clinical and Investigative Medicine Policy. Answer: Introduction: HIV which stands for the Human immunodeficiency virus is the virus which causes AIDS that stands for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (4). Human immunodeficiency virus can go ahead to AIDS if not properly and timely treated. There is presently no alleviate till date for the HIV, but it can be slowly tackled with proper and regular medication. When treated, persons living with HIV can have the same hale and hearty lives, relations, and children, as persons without HIV have (4). The Saskatchewan Human immunodeficiency virus joint is an unfashionable committee with wide representation which provides expertise and suggestion on avoidance, teaching, treatment and maintains services for infectious diseases, as well as HIV (3). The Collaborative include representatives from the bureau of wellbeing, physical condition regions. First nation Inuit physical condition Branch, Northern Inter-Tribal Health power, community Health organization of Canada, a senior and citizens existing with HIV (3). The speed of HIV-AIDS in Saskatchewan, mainly in First nation community, is so elevated that the region is supposed to announce a public-health condition of an urgent situation (4). Saskatchewan's HIV/ AIDS Saskatchewan's health policies help to decrease the numeral of newHIV infection; progress excellence of life for HIV contaminated persons; decrease risk factor for the attainment of HIV disease (2). TheSaskatchewan community Health Actrequires that precedent and current partners of persons stained with HIV/AIDS be told concerning their probable introduction to HIV (2). It may be chosen to report the partners and it can be worked with the physician, community health personnel, or the check-up health official to inform the partners. The name of the affected shall not at all be disclosed when the associate announcement is handled by the medical doctor, community health employees, or medical wellbeing officer. Though it may be hard to reveal the HIV prominence, it is in but for the well being of the affected as well as the well being of the partners of that affected person to disclose such an information with the medical officer to get rid of this inspire of being silent, as this shall help the care takers to take necessary steps and that too immediately to do what best can be done (1).A collaborator might require having a bodily examination and experiencing a number of tests, as well as an HIV antibody examination. The doctor can talk about the implication of this examination with the patient or the infected one plus his/her associate (1). It is ver y important that the partners discuss with each other the implications or the side effects which may happen as a result of hiding the information refer the HIV disease. Saskatchewan'sbureau of wellbeing is accountable for strategy track, sets and monitors standards, and provides financial support for provincial health establishment and unfashionable health services. Saskatchewan's check-up physical condition system is extensively and imprecisely characterized as "socialized medicine": health check practitioners in the Saskatchewan, as in former Canadian province, are not national servants but dispatch their financial records to the overtly funded Saskatchewan health check Care indemnity Plan to a certain extent than to the affected ones (5). There are a lot of HIV test locations which are open all over the place of Saskatchewan, here anonymous HIV test can be done, that means here the affected one does not require to disclose or use his/her real identity. There accurate counselling shall be provided right before as well as after proper testing. the counsellor shall provide with proper information refer HIV-AIDS, clear all kinds of doubts and also answer all the questions which come in the mind of the affected patient plus provide support to assist the affected one to realise and understand the consequences and also the treatment methods (5). Strategy to make sure the feasibility of the medicine plan and exposure for original drugs from the beginning till end the Saskatchewan Formulary. Suitable care is the accurate care that is provided by the accurate providers, to the right tolerant, in the correct position, at the correct occasion, consequential in most favourable care. The course of action and hold up services to make sure protected drug use and assist people to get the best result from recommendation medication. The main concern proposal to improve how patients find the way for the health organization and make sure better admission to be concerned in emergency department Refer the inner weaknesses go, the modernized Saskatchewan Policy does not comprise a quantitative estimate of the inhabitant's size of unmet service requirements, an estimate of the essential resources to convene those requirements, or estimates of the community healthiness return on asset of such possessions, lack monetary resources dedicated to the HIV encoding. Comparatively a small number of tangible recommendation as to how to tackle existing barrier to concern and conduct that are enveloping in this nation (5). gaps in affordability and coverage exist which is required to be addressed, it is not extremely detailed regarding strategy which shall be essential to clasp the (QHPs) Qualified Health Plans, Medicaid, plus Medicare responsible for providing complete HIV treatment and care which is in line with the central treatment strategy, reasonable to all people breathing with HIV, and meet established superiority standards (5). The central action sketch should comprise a strategy for implement of these aims if we are going to meet up the retention and linkage in care goal of the Saskatchewan HIV scheme. Conclusion: An important and most essential part of the Saskatchewan HIV scheme was the expansion of a PLT which stands for the Provincial Leadership Team (HIV PLT) that consists of the multidisciplinary group of wellbeing professionals, coordinators, administrators plus persons with applicable HIV knowledge and understanding. These persons spearheaded the growth and also the functioning of the Human immunodeficiency virus Strategy (5). The Community commitment and learning pillar was a vital fraction of promoting the work of the Human immunodeficiency virus Strategy plus informing the community, beleaguered groups, and the universal community about HIV in the region. References Taleski S, Ahmed K, Whiteside A. The relationship between economic evaluations and HIV and AIDS treatment policies. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS. 2010;5(3):204-209. Moraros J, Falconer J. Risk Factors Associated With Higher Injection Drug Use And HIV Rates: Findings From Saskatchewan, Canada. Journal of AIDS Clinical Research. 2012;01(S1). Gheis M. 20. Does Saskatchewan health policy encourage specialization?. Clinical Investigative Medicine. 2007;30(4):38. Karunanayake C, Rennie D, Hagel L, Lawson J, Janzen B, Pickett W et al. Access to Specialist Care in Rural Saskatchewan: The Saskatchewan Rural Health Study. Healthcare. 2015;3(1):84-99. Jozaghi E, Jackson A. Examining the potential role of a supervised injection facility in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to avert HIV among people who inject drugs. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. 2015;4(6):373-379.

Pride And Prejudice (1188 words) Essay Example For Students

Pride And Prejudice (1188 words) Essay Pride And PrejudiceJane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice is a lighthearted tale of love andmarriage in eighteenth-century England. It centers on the elder sisters of theBennet family, Jane and Elizabeth. Their personalities, misunderstandings andthe roles of pride and prejudice play a large part in the development of theirindividual relationships. The spirited Elizabeth and softhearted Jane have todeal with not only their own feelings but also the status of their family, bothof which affect the outcomes of their prospective marriages. Pride and Prejudiceis an apt name for the book. These notions permeate the novel thoroughly,especially in the views of Elizabeth and Darcy. Janes temperance does notallow for these qualities to exist in her personality. Our first introduction topride and prejudice is at a ball Mr.Bingley throws. His sisters and a dearfriend of his, Mr.Darcy, accompany him. Mr. Darcy is characterized as a proud,haughty, arrogant man and ends up almost immediately aliena ting himself from thetownspeople. This opinion arises after he refuses to dance with the young ladieswho have attended the ball and his obvious reluctance to talk to anyone. Hispride was said to come from his extreme wealth. Eighteenth-century England wasquite preoccupied with status, especially concerning wealth and reputation. We will write a custom essay on Pride And Prejudice (1188 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Darcys reluctance to speak with anyone stemmed from his lack of respect foranyone outside his close knit circle. His good breeding was obvious only tothose whom he knew well. Elizabeth is prejudiced against Darcy for entirelydifferent reasons. She received information that was one-sided and made unfairassumptions on Darcys character. She prejudged him; combining the superficialview she had of him and some rumors. The roles of pride and prejudice can besummed up in the exchange between Darcy and Elizabeth, after he proposed. Darcyclearly defines the reasons for his prejudice: Could you expect me to rejoicein the inferiority of your connections? To congratulate myself on the hope ofrelations whose condition in life is so decidedly beneath my own? (Pg.164)Elizabeths prejudice against him withstood even as her pride did not, underhis assault on her family. Her opinion of him from the very beginning impressedher with the fullest belief of (his) arrogance, (his) conceit, and (his)selfish disdain of the feelings of others. (Pg. 164) Elizabeth Bennet is aspirited character. She has a playful and lighthearted disposition. She isconfident, loyal, clever and funny. She found delight in anythingridiculous, which included an insult to her beauty. (Pg. 12) Her loyalty anddevotion to her sister was shown in her three-mile trek to Bingleys house so early in the day and in such dirty weather, to visit her while shewas ill. (Pg. 30) Elizabeth is also more a skeptic. This particular quality inevident in the surprise she expresses in her sisters tendency to look atpeople through rose colored glasses. She is quite frank and very honest eventhough she occasionally professed opinions which in fact are not (her)own. (Pg.149) She expresses her feeling regardless of the commotion that itmay cause and more often than not, for the shock it will cause. She has a clearunderstanding of who she is and what will make her happy. This is most obviouswhen she refuses to marry Mr.Collins. And wh en she refuses to marry Mr.Darcywhen he initially proposes. Even her shock at the mercenary actions of her bestfriend proves Elizabeths understanding of what is right and what theingredients of happiness are. Later, her playfulness can be seen in the way sheendeavors to find out the moment Darcy fell in love with her. She declares thathe fell in love with her impertinence, mainly because he was tired of all thewomen who fawned over him. Elizabeths pride and other failings were all onesshe eventually overcame. At one point in the novel, the readers are taken abackby a comment that Elizabeth makes. She tells her sister, she fell in love withDarcy after seeing his estate at Pemberly. At first glance the comment makes herseem as mercenary as her friend, Mrs. Collins but the reader realizes the realmeaning behind the comment. Her love began not with sight of the estate, per se,but rather the taste and refinement that is expressed in the beauty of theestate. The fine taste of the estate r eflects the taste of the owner. Elizabethalso first as hears stories of Darcys generosity when she visits Pemberly. .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 , .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .postImageUrl , .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 , .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00:hover , .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00:visited , .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00:active { border:0!important; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00:active , .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00 .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13cf8cba488dc1c3670e89d292b92e00:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Birches EssayElizabeths overall character is one defined by intelligence, wit, confidenceand amiability. Pride is a very common failing, I believe. . .human nature isparticularly prone to it and, there are very few of us who do not cherish afeeling of self-complacency on the score of some quality or other. . .. (Pg.19) This observation by Mary is an accurate account of a characteristicfound in most people. The human condition allows for the faults of vanity, prideand prejudice. Austen presents these qualities as normal. She understands howthey can arise and presents circumstances in the novel, which promote thedevelopment of these characteristics. Pride relates more to the opinion ofourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us. (Pg.19) Pride, asin the case of Darcy, occurred because his family allowed him to follow hisprinciples in pride and conceit. (Pg.310) He was taught to care andrespect only his family and himself. Darcy had no vanity because he didntcare for other peoples opinions. The eighteenth century promoted a pridefuland prejudiced mentality. Pride and prejudice were the products of wealth,power, and influence. The lack thereof was labeled as inferior. Marriages in theeighteenth century were ones of convenience. They were more similar to businessarrangements than the union of two inseparable souls. Women and men were soughtafter according to their wealth and eligibility. Womens property became herhusbands when she finally married. Of course all marriages, of all youngwomen, had to be approved of by the family. The young women were introduced intosociety at an early age. The introduction was an indication of theiravailability. Young girls spent their entire lives preparing for marriage. Theylearned to read, play the piano, sing and developed other talents in order toincrease their desirability as a potential wife. There were many different typesof marriages in the eighteenth century. Some marriages were based on love butmost were based on the financial security that could be provided. In manymarriages, paramours were acceptable as long as they were discreet. The elderBennets marriage was a marriage of security. Mrs.Bennet had a small fortuneof her own, as did Mr.Bennet. They did not love each other but stayed together,proving to an extent the family values of the time. Mrs.Collins married for thesake of getting married and settling down. Her desire to have a family of herown overrode the many failings of the man she married. Fortunately somemarriages were based on love. Jane and Elizabeth found the perfect matches. Their beaus were good, principled, financially secure men. Austen presents thetwo major contrasting types of marriages. Both kinds reflect the mentality ofthat time period. I enjoyed this book immensely. Jane Austens style ofwriting delights me. Her work may not be profound but it is insightful, andlighthearted. Her characters are distinct and universal. Elizabeth is one of myfavorite literary characters. Her confidence, wit and spirit can only beenjoyed.

Ipl Strenght and Weakness Essay Example

Ipl Strenght and Weakness Essay The bidding process for the eight franchises that will compete in the Indian Premier League has officially begun with the release of the prospectus for the inaugural Twenty20 competition beginning in April 2008. The tender inviting bids for the franchises will be announced sometime in December. Potential franchisees can submit bids for more than one city-team and must state the total fee they are offering for a franchise for the first ten-year term. The auction of players will immediately follow the awarding of the franchises. The prospectus also laid out the manner in which the IPLs revenue would be shared with the franchises. The franchises will receive 80% of the television revenue over the first two years, 70% in the third and fourth years, 60% between years five and ten, and 50% from the 11th year onwards. In addition, they will also receive 60% of the sponsorship revenue during the first ten years, after which they will receive 50%. Of the total amount to be distributed, 20% will be divided based on the final league positions of the franchises while the other 80% will be shared squally. The IPLs distribution model, which is based on their current forecasts for the first contracts for centralized television and sponsorship agreements, should be adjusted should the forecasts change. The competition comprises 59 matches and spans 44 days with each franchise playing the other on a home and away basis. The top four teams qualify for the semi-finals, the winners of which will contest the final. The two finalists will in turn qualify for the Champions Twenty20 tournament, which has been provisionally scheduled for October 2008. We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ipl Strenght and Weakness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Each franchises squad will have a minimum of 16 players and no more than four international players, drawn from the pool of contracted players, may play in a particular match. Four Under-21 players and four players from the franchises catchment area must also be part of the squad, though these can be the same players. Our first round-up of the IPLs finances shows the league generated $209 million in revenue in its second season, for an aggregate operating profit (earnings before interest, taxes and depreciation) of $89 million. The average franchise is worth $67 million, a 31% increase in just one year. The Rajasthan Royals, winners of the leagues first championship, has risen in value by 71%. This despite the uncertainty and logistical headaches caused by moving this years entire 59-game slate, including the final, to South Africa with only three weeks notice. (After terror incidents, the Indian government was anxious about providing security as parliamentary elections coincided with the month-long season. The IPL was conceived in 2007 near some hallowed ground for sports: in Londons Wimbledon suburb. There, Lalit Modi, representing the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI), the governing body of Indian cricket, and Andrew Wildblood, an executive at sports management powerhouse IMG, discussed the disconnect between crickets worldwide popularity and the lack of commercial success of any domestic league. Their solution: a franchise ownership structure modeled after top U. S. sports leagues. Since then , the league has grown at breakneck speed. In January 2008, eight IPL teams were auctioned for a combined $724 million (to be paid in 10 annual installments to the nonprofit BCCI, an umbrella for the IPL). Just three months later, the Redskins First Ladies of Football were flown in to shake their pom-poms at the sold-out opener. Proceeds from the auction, as well as portions of national media and sponsorship deals, are reinvested, mostly in Indias aging (as far back as the 19th century) cricket stadiums, including some of the 10 rented by IPL teams for $100,000 per match. How successful was that first season? The 2008 semifinals and final drew 62 million viewers in India, with a per-match average of 11% of the nations total cable audience. In the months that followed, Modi, now IPL commissioner, opted out of TV deals with Sony and World Sports Group, risking nearly $1 billion of guaranteed payments over the next nine years. The gamble paid off, to the tune of a 98% annual increase from those broadcast partners, both of which deemed the IPL too valuable a property to lose. One reason the league is so TV-friendly is its format: Matches are held under Twenty20 rules that speed up each contest to about three hours (a traditional cricket match can last days, with tea breaks). The format is sweeping cricket worldwide. Revenue from TV, mobile and digital rights deals totaled $100 million for the latest season, of which teams split an 80% share equally. They also divvied up 60% of the $40 million in league sponsorships, including a cool $10 million from the leagues title sponsor, DLF, Indias largest real estate firm, and $5. million from motorbike maker Hero Honda. Despite playing 5,000 miles away, Indian companies actually increased spending on team sponsorships, which grew by 60% to a collective $60 million. Ground staff scurried to change signage before every match so that none of the floating teams advertisers were underrepresented. Ticket sales did not go as smoothly. The move led to a 75% drop in gate receipts, as prices were slashed to fill up stadiums to make the product more appealing on TV. That must have worked: This year, the finals telecast reached 24% more viewers in India than in 2008. Even Modi is surprised by how quickly the league has grown. At the beginning there were not many bidders who were conscious of the fact that the league would succeed, and they had to bid on total blind faith. There was no history, everybody was writing against it, there was no support for it, he says. Then the first season averaged 58,000 fans per match (80% more than a typical Major League Baseball game), and new investors clamored to climb aboard. In February, an ownership group that includes Lachlan Murdoch, the son of media baron Rupert Murdoch, sold a minority stake in the Rajasthan Royals to investors fronted by actress Shilpa Shetty in a deal that reflected the rapid value appreciation. Just last year, the Royals were auctioned for a league-low $67 million over 10 years. While speculation about the IPLs long-term viability drove prices down at the franchise auction, the leagues early success has now translated to unrealistic valuations in the other direction. Not helping is a misguided study frequently cited by cricket officials that calls the IPL a $2 billion business. Perhaps one day, but certainly not yetour cumulative valuation amounts to barely one-fourth of that. Our survey of franchise values is determined by multiples of revenue from continuing operations, except in cases where teams are on the verge of gaining additional money and exposure. Example: The Delhi Daredevils will play for a share of a $6 million purse in the inaugural Twenty20 Champions League this fall, on top of receiving $500,000 just for participating in the tournament. Since up to half of team revenue is accrued by dint of gate receipts, local sponsorships and merchandisingrevenue streams of which teams share little with the leaguemarket size plays a major role in making some franchises more valuable than others. Take the Mumbai Indians, who play before a robust corporate base in Indias largest city. The Indians are the IPLs most valuable team, worth $80 million for the owner, oil and gas giant Reliance Industries and company chairman and largest shareholder Mukesh Ambani, Indias wealthiest man. Sensing Mumbai as the IPLs signature brand, akin to the English footballs Manchester United or baseballs New York Yankees, companies from outside of India, like Adidas ( ADDDY. PK news people ) and MasterCard ( MA news people ), have been quick to sponsor the team. Over two seasons, Mumbais $43 million in revenue tops the IPL. Some of the IPLs cachet comes from its owners: Khan uses the resources of his film company, Red Chillies Entertainment, to promote Kolkata and expand the teams reach into new markets. His strategy is paying off. Polls consistently rank the Knight Riders as Indias most popular team, and theyre already more valuable than two teams that were sold at higher auction prices only a year and a half ago. Such hands-on management is a far cry from the Stanford Super Series, the defunct Twenty20 competition between the English national team and all-stars from around the West Indies that was bankrolled by alleged Ponzi schemer R. Allen Stanford and thought to be competition for the IPL. Instead, after only one year, the SSS joined an alphabet soup of failed cricket ventures, including the IISC, WSC and APC. Cricket has been played internationally for 165 years and was once a contest at the Olympics. With 104 nations as members of crickets governing body, its one of the most popular sports in the world. But before the IPL, professional leagues had never truly been run as a business. Most leagues around the world are operated by nonprofit entities and teams owned by athletic clubs with thousands of members; often, making money is a low priority. Says Donald Lockerbie, chief executive of the USA Cricket Association, [English cricket] is as traditional a sport as there is. Its essentially a club membership drive. National teams have always been crickets top draw. But private franchise ownership coupled with the commercial possibilities of the new, abbreviated version of the game in Indias cricket crazed marketplace has upended the sports established order. Its also made Modi into crickets most influential (if polarizing) figure, for whom profit always trumps tradition. A brash and charismat ic promoter, hes the subcontinents answer to Don King. In April he hired around-the-clock security after reportedly receiving death threats from the mob, the gambling operations of which stood to take a hit from the season moving to South Africa. Unfazed, Modi is already laying the groundwork for the IPLs next chapter. We plan to have another shorter [season] that will move around the world, with a main league that will stay in India, he says. Another plan to boost league coffers is to add more teams. IMGs Wildblood projects expansion as early as 2011 with the IPL adding one or two more squads. Unlike in the early days, bidders will have a sense of the leagues long-term prospects. I think a lot of people discounted the fact that there was any value, Modi says. Not anymore.